\relax 
\citation{books/fowler90}
\citation{Science/macdonald+91}
\citation{Science/polzin+97}
\citation{DSR/munk66}
\citation{DSR/munk+wunsch98}
\citation{JGR/wesson+gregg94,Nature/polzin+96}
\citation{Science/polzin+97,Nature/ledwell+00}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Introduction}{1}}
\@writefile{lof}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\@writefile{lot}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Motivation}{1}}
\newlabel{sec:motivation}{{1.1}{1}}
\citation{JGR/lowell+95}
\citation{JGR/stein+stein94}
\citation{review/elderfield+schultz96}
\citation{review/tunnicliffe91}
\citation{Science/talley+johnson94}
\citation{JGR/roether+98,DSR/ruth+00}
\citation{GRL/rehder+99}
\citation{DSR/kim+mullineaux98}
\citation{misc/german+95}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}Thesis Outline}{3}}
\citation{jour/RainbowHYD}
\citation{Progress/saunders+francis85}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.3}Background}{4}}
\newlabel{sec:background}{{1.3}{4}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3.1}Rift-Valley Hydrography and Flow}{4}}
\newlabel{sec:BG-MAR}{{1.3.1}{4}}
\citation{Progress/saunders+francis85}
\citation{EPSL/german+parson98}
\citation{JGR/rona+speer89}
\citation{EPSL/murton+99}
\citation{JGR/wilson+95}
\citation{Progress/saunders+francis85}
\citation{JGR/wilson+95}
\citation{DSR/roemmich+wunsch85}
\citation{JGR/rona+speer89,misc/rudnicki+elderfield92}
\citation{EPSL/rudnicki+94}
\citation{EPSL/murton+99}
\citation{misc/lukashin+95}
\citation{EPSL/jean-baptiste+98}
\citation{misc/bischoff+rosenbauer85}
\citation{inbook/vondamm95}
\citation{EPSL/converse+84}
\citation{EPSL/turner+campbell87}
\citation{JFM/papantoniou+list89}
\citation{RoySoc/morton+56}
\citation{misc/abraham+eysink69}
\citation{review/helfrich+speer95}
\citation{JMR/speer+marshall95}
\citation{books/turner73,inbook/fischer+79,review/list82}
\citation{review/helfrich+speer95,review/speer+helfrich95,review/lupton95}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3.2}Hydrothermal Plume Dispersal and Fluxes}{6}}
\newlabel{sec:BG-HT}{{1.3.2}{6}}
\citation{EPSL/rona+trivett92,JGR/schultz+92}
\citation{RoySoc/schultz+elderfield97}
\citation{inbook/vondamm95}
\citation{EPSL/converse+84,JGR/schultz+92,JGR/ginster+94}
\citation{review/mcduff95}
\citation{EPSL/baker+massoth87,EPSL/thomson+92}
\citation{JGR/bemis+93}
\citation{JGR/ginster+94}
\citation{EPSL/rona+trivett92,JGR/trivett+williams94}
\citation{EPSL/baker+massoth87}
\citation{review/mcduff95}
\citation{EPSL/baker+massoth87,JGR/lavelle97}
\citation{EPSL/converse+84,JGR/schultz+92}
\citation{GRL/baker+99}
\citation{EPSL/thomson+92}
\citation{EPSL/thomson+92,EPSL/rudnicki+94}
\citation{misc/rudnicki+elderfield92}
\citation{RoySoc/morton+56}
\citation{misc/middleton+thomson86}
\citation{EPSL/wilson+96}
\citation{review/speer+helfrich95}
\citation{review/elderfield+schultz96}
\citation{misc/rudnicki+elderfield92}
\citation{EPSL/rudnicki+94}
\citation{JGR/rona+speer89}
\citation{misc/james+95}
\citation{EPSL/murton+99}
\citation{EPSL/wilson+96}
\citation{EPSL/jean-baptiste+98}
\citation{GRL/german+96}
\citation{JGR/smith+sandwell97}
\citation{JGR/smith+sandwell97}
\citation{JGR/detrick+95}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.1}{\ignorespaces \emph  {AMAR}\xspace  segment location}}{9}}
\newlabel{fig:AMAR-loc}{{1.1}{9}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3.3}The \emph  {AMAR}\xspace  Segments}{9}}
\newlabel{sec:AMAR}{{1.3.3}{9}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.2}{\ignorespaces \emph  {AMAR}\xspace  bathymetry (high resolution)}}{10}}
\newlabel{fig:AMAR-bridge}{{1.2}{10}}
\citation{EPSL/german+96}
\citation{GRL/german+96}
\citation{EOS/rudnicki+95}
\citation{EPSL/german+98}
\citation{misc/fouquet+98}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.3}{\ignorespaces \emph  {AMAR}\xspace  bathymetry (low resolution)}}{11}}
\newlabel{fig:AMAR-SS97}{{1.3}{11}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3.4}The \emph  {Rainbow}\xspace  Hydrothermal Vent Field}{11}}
\newlabel{sec:Rainbow}{{1.3.4}{11}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.4}{\ignorespaces \emph  {Rainbow}\xspace  hydrothermal vent-field location}}{12}}
\newlabel{fig:Rainbow-geography}{{1.4}{12}}
\citation{EOS/rudnicki+95}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}Data Sets and Methods}{13}}
\@writefile{lof}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\@writefile{lot}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\newlabel{chap:methods}{{2}{13}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}1997 Survey \emph  {(FLAME)}\xspace  }{13}}
\newlabel{sec:F-methods}{{2.1}{13}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.1}{\ignorespaces 1997 stations \emph  {(FLAME)}\xspace  }}{14}}
\newlabel{fig:F-stations}{{2.1}{14}}
\citation{EPSL/nelsen+87}
\citation{EPSL/german+98}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}1998 Survey \emph  {(FLAME-2)}\xspace  }{15}}
\newlabel{sec:F2-methods}{{2.2}{15}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.2}{\ignorespaces 1998 stations \emph  {(FLAME-2)}\xspace  }}{16}}
\newlabel{fig:F2-stations}{{2.2}{16}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.3}{\ignorespaces Current-meter moorings}}{17}}
\newlabel{fig:CM-stations}{{2.3}{17}}
\citation{misc/IGRF95}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Current-Meter Moorings}{18}}
\newlabel{sec:CM-methods}{{2.3}{18}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.1}Sensors and Data}{18}}
\newlabel{sec:CM-sensors}{{2.3.1}{18}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.2}Calibrations}{18}}
\@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {2.1}{\ignorespaces Current-meter sensors and data recovery}}{19}}
\newlabel{tab:CM-sensors}{{2.1}{19}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}Quasi-Synoptic Hydrographic and Flow Observations}{21}}
\@writefile{lof}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\@writefile{lot}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\newlabel{chap:HYD}{{3}{21}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}Introduction}{21}}
\citation{JGR/wilson+95}
\citation{DSR/sy88}
\citation{Progress/fukumori+91}
\citation{DSR/sy88}
\citation{Progress/gould85,DSR/sy88,DSR/fernandez+pingree96}
\@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {3.1}{\ignorespaces \emph  {AMAR}\xspace  depths and potential densities}}{22}}
\newlabel{tab:sig}{{3.1}{22}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}1997 Survey \emph  {(FLAME)}\xspace  }{22}}
\newlabel{sec:HYD-1997}{{3.2}{22}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Regional Hydrography}{22}}
\newlabel{sec:F-regional}{{3.2.1}{22}}
\citation{Progress/gould85}
\citation{DSR/sy88}
\citation{Progress/gould85}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.1}{\ignorespaces 1997 near-surface flow observations}}{23}}
\newlabel{fig:AC}{{3.1}{23}}
\citation{Progress/saunders+francis85}
\citation{Progress/fukumori+91}
\citation{EPSL/german+98}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.2}{\ignorespaces 1997 valley/flank density comparison}}{24}}
\newlabel{fig:F-sigcompare}{{3.2}{24}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}Origin of the Rift-Valley Water}{24}}
\newlabel{sec:F-waterorigin}{{3.2.2}{24}}
\citation{EPSL/german+98}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.3}{\ignorespaces 1997 full-depth $\theta _2/S$\xspace  }}{25}}
\newlabel{fig:F-tscompare}{{3.3}{25}}
\newlabel{sec:F-interleave}{{3.2.2}{25}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.4}{\ignorespaces 1997 rift-valley $\theta _2/S$\xspace  }}{26}}
\newlabel{fig:F-tsinterleave}{{3.4}{26}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.3}Rift-Valley Hydrography and Flow}{26}}
\newlabel{sec:F-local}{{3.2.3}{26}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{Horizontal Density Distribution}{26}}
\newlabel{sec:sigma2}{{3.2.3}{26}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.5}{\ignorespaces 1997 density and flow at \m {2200}}}{27}}
\newlabel{fig:sig2200}{{3.5}{27}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.6}{\ignorespaces 1997 \emph  {Rainbow Sill}\xspace  density profiles}}{28}}
\newlabel{fig:F-sigprof}{{3.6}{28}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.7}{\ignorespaces 1997 \emph  {Rainbow Sill}\xspace  buoyancy frequency profiles}}{28}}
\newlabel{fig:F-Nprof}{{3.7}{28}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{Direct Flow Observations}{28}}
\newlabel{sec:LADCP}{{3.2.3}{28}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.8}{\ignorespaces 1997 current-meter velocities (first week)}}{29}}
\newlabel{fig:F-CM}{{3.8}{29}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.9}{\ignorespaces 1997 \emph  {Rainbow Sill}\xspace  flow and density profiles}}{30}}
\newlabel{fig:altladcp15}{{3.9}{30}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.10}{\ignorespaces 1997 \emph  {Rainbow Ridge}\xspace  boundary current}}{30}}
\newlabel{fig:meancur}{{3.10}{30}}
\citation{Nature/polzin+96}
\citation{review/baines87}
\citation{JAS/pierrehumbert+wyman85}
\citation{inbook/kinder+bryden90}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.11}{\ignorespaces 1997 cross-sill density section}}{31}}
\newlabel{fig:sigBGT07}{{3.11}{31}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{Flow Across \emph  {Rainbow Sill}\xspace  }{31}}
\newlabel{sec:hydraulics}{{3.2.3}{31}}
\citation{JAS/pierrehumbert+wyman85}
\citation{EOS/german+96}
\citation{JGR/wilson+95}
\citation{JFM/armi86}
\citation{JPO/pratt86}
\citation{DSR/killworth95}
\citation{misc/whitehead+74}
\citation{misc/whitehead97}
\newlabel{sym:NhU}{{3.2.3}{32}}
\newlabel{sym:Ni}{{3.2.3}{32}}
\newlabel{sym:Ui}{{3.2.3}{32}}
\newlabel{sym:hb}{{3.2.3}{32}}
\newlabel{sym:P}{{3.2.3}{32}}
\newlabel{sym:Cd}{{3.2.3}{32}}
\citation{GAFD/whitehead89}
\citation{misc/mercier+bryden94}
\citation{JFM/armi86}
\citation{misc/whitehead+74}
\citation{GAFD/whitehead89}
\citation{GAFD/killworth94}
\citation{misc/whitehead+74}
\newlabel{sym:hu}{{3.2.3}{33}}
\citation{misc/queney48}
\citation{books/gill82}
\newlabel{sym:w}{{3.2.3}{34}}
\newlabel{sym:Ro}{{3.2.3}{34}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{A Topographic Wake}{34}}
\newlabel{sec:leewaves}{{3.2.3}{34}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.12}{\ignorespaces 1997 cross-ridge density section}}{35}}
\newlabel{fig:sigBGT04}{{3.12}{35}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{Hydrographic Variability on Tidal Time Scales}{35}}
\newlabel{sec:intwaves}{{3.2.3}{35}}
\citation{EPSL/rudnicki+94}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.13}{\ignorespaces 1997 CTD-yoyo density observations}}{36}}
\newlabel{fig:yoyo}{{3.13}{36}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}1998 Survey \emph  {(FLAME-2)}\xspace  }{37}}
\newlabel{sec:HYD-1998}{{3.3}{37}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.1}Changes in the Rift-Valley Hydrography and Flow Regime Between 1997 and 1998}{37}}
\newlabel{sec:HYD-FF2}{{3.3.1}{37}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.14}{\ignorespaces 1997/98 rift-valley $\theta _2/S$\xspace  comparison}}{38}}
\newlabel{fig:tscompare}{{3.14}{38}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.15}{\ignorespaces 1997/98 rift-valley temperature comparison}}{39}}
\newlabel{fig:tempcompare}{{3.15}{39}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.16}{\ignorespaces 1997/98 deep-basin $\theta _2/S$\xspace  comparison}}{39}}
\newlabel{fig:deeptscompare}{{3.16}{39}}
\citation{Progress/saunders+francis85}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.17}{\ignorespaces 1998 current-meter velocities (last week)}}{40}}
\newlabel{fig:F2-CM}{{3.17}{40}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.18}{\ignorespaces 1998 along-segment temperature gradient}}{41}}
\newlabel{fig:F2-tgrad}{{3.18}{41}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.2}Along-Segment Hydrographic Gradients}{41}}
\newlabel{sec:F2-grad}{{3.3.2}{41}}
\citation{JGR/detrick+95}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.19}{\ignorespaces 1998 inflow-sill density section}}{42}}
\newlabel{fig:F2-inflow}{{3.19}{42}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.3}Inflow Into \emph  {South AMAR}\xspace  }{42}}
\newlabel{sec:F2-inflow}{{3.3.3}{42}}
\citation{misc/whitehead+74}
\citation{JPO/pratt86}
\citation{Progress/saunders+francis85}
\citation{Progress/saunders+francis85}
\citation{Progress/saunders+francis85}
\citation{Science/polzin+97,Nature/ledwell+00}
\citation{JPO/polzin+95}
\citation{JGR/wesson+gregg94,Nature/polzin+96}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}Discussion}{44}}
\newlabel{sec:HYD-discu}{{3.4}{44}}
\citation{JGR/wilson+95}
\citation{GRL/german+96}
\citation{EOS/german+96}
\citation{Progress/saunders+francis85}
\citation{Nature/ledwell+00}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Current-Meter Observations}{46}}
\@writefile{lof}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\@writefile{lot}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\newlabel{chap:CM}{{4}{46}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Introduction}{46}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.1}{\ignorespaces Current-meter temperatures at \m {1800}}}{47}}
\newlabel{fig:BF18-temp}{{4.1}{47}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Warming Event}{47}}
\newlabel{sec:CM-event}{{4.2}{47}}
\newlabel{sym:sigma}{{4.2}{48}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.2}{\ignorespaces \emph  {Rainbow Sill}\xspace  velocity and temperature observations}}{49}}
\newlabel{fig:CM-ovsticks}{{4.2}{49}}
\citation{JMR/flierl+mcwilliams77}
\citation{JPO/saunders87}
\citation{DSR/mooers73,DSR/gonella72}
\citation{books/bendat+piersol71}
\citation{books/hamming89}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Energy Partition}{50}}
\newlabel{sec:CM-energy}{{4.3}{50}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.1}Flow and Temperature Spectra}{50}}
\newlabel{sec:CM-spectra}{{4.3.1}{50}}
\citation{books/hamming89}
\citation{GRL/mihaly+98}
\citation{books/bendat+piersol71}
\citation{GRL/mihaly+98}
\citation{books/bendat+piersol71}
\citation{GRL/mihaly+98}
\citation{JGR/mueller+78}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.3}{\ignorespaces Rotary flow spectra}}{52}}
\newlabel{fig:CM-rotspec}{{4.3}{52}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.4}{\ignorespaces Temperature-amplitude spectrum}}{53}}
\newlabel{fig:CM-tempspec}{{4.4}{53}}
\citation{books/leblond+mysak78}
\newlabel{sym:omega}{{4.3.1}{54}}
\citation{books/leblond+mysak78}
\@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {4.1}{\ignorespaces Current-meter frequency bands}}{55}}
\newlabel{tab:CM-fbands}{{4.1}{55}}
\newlabel{eqn:disptopo}{{4.1}{55}}
\newlabel{sym:gamma}{{4.3.1}{55}}
\newlabel{sym:kl}{{4.3.1}{55}}
\newlabel{sym:kx}{{4.3.1}{55}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.2}Bulk Energy Distribution}{55}}
\newlabel{sec:CM-pies}{{4.3.2}{55}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.5}{\ignorespaces Flow-energy partition}}{56}}
\newlabel{fig:CM-pies}{{4.5}{56}}
\citation{GRL/mihaly+98}
\citation{DSR/gonella72}
\@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {4.2}{\ignorespaces Mean rotary coefficients}}{57}}
\newlabel{tab:CM-Cr}{{4.2}{57}}
\newlabel{sym:Cr}{{4.3.2}{57}}
\newlabel{sym:Sm}{{4.3.2}{57}}
\newlabel{sym:Sp}{{4.3.2}{57}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}High-Frequency Temperature Variability}{57}}
\newlabel{sec:CM-tempvar}{{4.4}{57}}
\@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {4.3}{\ignorespaces Current-meter RMS temperature amplitudes}}{58}}
\newlabel{tab:CM-tempvar}{{4.3}{58}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.6}{\ignorespaces Temperature observations during onset of return flow}}{58}}
\newlabel{fig:CM-tempvarflow}{{4.6}{58}}
\citation{JPO/saunders87}
\citation{JMR/flierl+mcwilliams77}
\@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {4.4}{\ignorespaces Along-valley flow statistics}}{59}}
\newlabel{sym:sigmal}{{4.4}{59}}
\newlabel{sym:sigmax}{{4.4}{59}}
\newlabel{tab:CM-flowstats}{{4.4}{59}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.5}Along-Segment Flow and Transport}{59}}
\newlabel{sec:CM-asflow}{{4.5}{59}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5.1}Flow Statistics}{59}}
\newlabel{sec:CM-flowstats}{{4.5.1}{59}}
\newlabel{sym:taul}{{4.5.1}{59}}
\citation{JPO/saunders87}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.7}{\ignorespaces \emph  {Rainbow Sill}\xspace  along-mean-flow autocorrelations}}{60}}
\newlabel{fig:CM-autocorr}{{4.7}{60}}
\@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {4.5}{\ignorespaces Integral time scales and along-mean velocity estimates}}{60}}
\newlabel{tab:CM-ovvel}{{4.5}{60}}
\newlabel{sym:epsilon}{{4.2}{60}}
\newlabel{sym:Tr}{{4.2}{60}}
\newlabel{eqn:meanerr}{{4.2}{60}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.8}{\ignorespaces \emph  {Rainbow Sill}\xspace  transport calculation (plan view)}}{61}}
\newlabel{fig:CM-fluxcalc1}{{4.8}{61}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5.2}Volume Flux Across \emph  {Rainbow Sill}\xspace  }{61}}
\newlabel{sec:CM-volflux}{{4.5.2}{61}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.9}{\ignorespaces \emph  {Rainbow Sill}\xspace  transport calculation (cross-valley section)}}{62}}
\newlabel{fig:CM-fluxcalc2}{{4.9}{62}}
\@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {4.6}{\ignorespaces \emph  {Rainbow Sill}\xspace  transport}}{62}}
\newlabel{tab:CM-volflux}{{4.6}{62}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.6}Discussion}{63}}
\newlabel{sec:CM-discu}{{4.6}{63}}
\citation{GRL/joyce+98}
\citation{Nature/dickson+90}
\citation{Nature/weiss+77}
\citation{JGR/feely+87}
\citation{Nature/baker+85}
\citation{EPSL/german+96}
\citation{JGR/baker94,EPSL/rudnicki+94}
\citation{Nature/baker+85}
\citation{EPSL/nelsen+87}
\citation{JGR/baker+lavelle84}
\citation{EPSL/thomson+92}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}Hydrothermal Particle-Plume Observations}{65}}
\@writefile{lof}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\@writefile{lot}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\newlabel{chap:plume}{{5}{65}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Introduction}{65}}
\citation{Science/lupton+98}
\citation{EPSL/baker+massoth87,EPSL/kadko+90}
\citation{GRL/baker+95}
\citation{EPSL/german+sparks91,EPSL/lane-serff95,inbook/rudnicki95}
\citation{JGR/hoyal+99}
\citation{EPSL/nelsen+87,misc/rudnicki+elderfield92}
\citation{conf/radford-knoery+98}
\citation{misc/rudnicki+elderfield92}
\citation{JGR/thomson+89}
\citation{EPSL/nelsen+87}
\citation{EOS/rudnicki+95,misc/james+95}
\citation{DSR/eittreim+76}
\citation{EPSL/german+98}
\citation{EPSL/german+98}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}1997 Survey \emph  {(FLAME)}\xspace  }{67}}
\newlabel{sec:P-1997}{{5.2}{67}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.1}Horizontal Particle Distribution}{67}}
\newlabel{sec:plumeplan}{{5.2.1}{67}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.1}{\ignorespaces 1997 particle plume (plan view)}}{68}}
\newlabel{fig:F-plume3d}{{5.1}{68}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.2}{\ignorespaces 1997 flow near vent field (first week)}}{68}}
\newlabel{fig:F-PVD-G}{{5.2}{68}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.3}{\ignorespaces 1997 nephelometry profiles}}{69}}
\newlabel{fig:F-nephprofs}{{5.3}{69}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.2}Individual Nephelometry Profiles}{69}}
\newlabel{sec:plumeprofs}{{5.2.2}{69}}
\citation{JGR/helfrich+battisti91}
\citation{JGR/lavelle97}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.4}{\ignorespaces 1997 density-averaged particle plume}}{70}}
\newlabel{fig:F-bulkplumes}{{5.4}{70}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.3}Mean Particle Plume}{70}}
\newlabel{sec:F-bulkplumes}{{5.2.3}{70}}
\newlabel{sym:Delta_n_star}{{5.2.3}{70}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.5}{\ignorespaces 1997 density-averaged particle plume skew}}{71}}
\newlabel{fig:F-skew}{{5.5}{71}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}1998 Survey \emph  {(FLAME-2)}\xspace  }{71}}
\newlabel{sec:P-1998}{{5.3}{71}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.6}{\ignorespaces 1998 particle plume (plan view)}}{72}}
\newlabel{fig:F2-plume3d}{{5.6}{72}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.7}{\ignorespaces 1998 nephelometry profiles}}{72}}
\newlabel{fig:F2-nephprofs}{{5.7}{72}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.8}{\ignorespaces 1998 flow near vent field (last week)}}{73}}
\newlabel{fig:F2-PVD-G}{{5.8}{73}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.9}{\ignorespaces 1997 flow regime around \emph  {Rainbow Ridge}\xspace  }}{74}}
\newlabel{fig:flow-scheme}{{5.9}{74}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}Discussion}{74}}
\newlabel{sec:P-discu}{{5.4}{74}}
\citation{JFM/papantoniou+list89}
\citation{JGR/lavelle97}
\citation{Nature/ledwell+00}
\citation{JGR/stein+stein94}
\citation{EOS/rona+74,Nature/weiss+77}
\citation{EPSL/baker+massoth87,EPSL/thomson+92,GRL/helfrich+98}
\citation{Nature/lupton+85}
\citation{GRL/reid82}
\citation{DSR/joyce+86}
\citation{EPSL/stommel82,JGR/joyce+speer87,JPO/hautala+riser93,DSR/thompson+johnson96}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {6}Geothermal Hydrographic Anomalies}{76}}
\@writefile{lof}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\@writefile{lot}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\newlabel{chap:NESPI}{{6}{76}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.1}Introduction}{76}}
\citation{GRL/helfrich+98}
\citation{Nature/weiss+77}
\citation{Nature/lupton+85}
\citation{DSR/joyce+86}
\citation{EPSL/baker+massoth87}
\citation{EPSL/thomson+92}
\citation{EPSL/mcdougall90}
\citation{DSR/joyce+86,JGR/thomson+95}
\citation{EPSL/mcdougall90}
\citation{EPSL/mcdougall90}
\citation{Nature/weiss+77}
\citation{EOS/mcduff88,JGR/baker+89}
\citation{JGR/rona+speer89}
\citation{JGR/speer+rona89}
\citation{EPSL/mcdougall90}
\citation{EPSL/turner+campbell87}
\citation{misc/bischoff+rosenbauer85}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.2}Isopycnal Hydrographic Anomalies}{78}}
\newlabel{sec:NESPI-mcd90}{{6.2}{78}}
\citation{EPSL/mcdougall90}
\citation{EPSL/mcdougall90}
\citation{DSR/lavelle+98}
\citation{JGR/speer+rona89}
\citation{books/gill82}
\citation{JGR/speer+rona89}
\newlabel{sym:Q_e}{{6.2}{79}}
\newlabel{sym:Debar}{{6.2}{79}}
\newlabel{sym:Q_i}{{6.2}{79}}
\newlabel{sym:Dibar}{{6.2}{79}}
\newlabel{eqn:mcd}{{6.1}{79}}
\newlabel{sym:Rr}{{6.2}{79}}
\newlabel{sym:Ri}{{6.2}{79}}
\newlabel{sym:Sibar}{{6.2}{79}}
\citation{misc/bischoff+rosenbauer85}
\citation{EPSL/turner+campbell87}
\citation{EPSL/mcdougall90}
\citation{inbook/vondamm95}
\citation{misc/fischer71}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.1}{\ignorespaces Hydrothermal hydrographic-anomaly regimes}}{80}}
\newlabel{fig:bulkdiag}{{6.1}{80}}
\citation{misc/stommel62}
\citation{inbook/munk81}
\citation{Nature/lupton+85}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.3}Relationship Between Isopycnal and Isohaline Anomalies}{81}}
\newlabel{sec:NESPI-relations}{{6.3}{81}}
\newlabel{sym:DrhoT}{{6.3}{81}}
\newlabel{sym:DrhoS}{{6.3}{81}}
\newlabel{eqn:compensation}{{6.2}{81}}
\citation{JGR/thomson+95}
\citation{JGR/thomson+95}
\citation{JGR/thomson+95}
\citation{EPSL/mcdougall90}
\newlabel{eqn:eqnstate}{{6.3}{82}}
\newlabel{sym:alpha_0}{{6.3}{82}}
\newlabel{sym:beta_0}{{6.3}{82}}
\newlabel{eqn:linear}{{6.4}{82}}
\newlabel{sym:DST}{{6.3}{82}}
\newlabel{eqn:thomson+95}{{6.5}{82}}
\citation{EPSL/lupton+80}
\citation{Nature/lupton+85}
\citation{JGR/baker+90,Nature/baker+lupton90}
\citation{JGR/thomson+95}
\citation{EPSL/thomson+92}
\citation{JGR/baker+hammond92}
\citation{JGR/baker+hammond92,GRL/helfrich+98}
\citation{Nature/lupton+85}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.4}Plume-Bracketing Method}{83}}
\newlabel{sec:NESPI-bracket}{{6.4}{83}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.2}{\ignorespaces Methods for estimating isopycnal hydrographic anomalies}}{84}}
\newlabel{fig:PBM}{{6.2}{84}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.3}{\ignorespaces Plume-bracketing method}}{85}}
\newlabel{fig:Fmethod}{{6.3}{85}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.4}{\ignorespaces Spice vs.\ nephel regressions}}{85}}
\newlabel{fig:Ffit}{{6.4}{85}}
\citation{books/press+93}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.5}Bilinear Method}{86}}
\newlabel{sec:NESPI-bilin}{{6.5}{86}}
\newlabel{eqn:bilin}{{6.6}{86}}
\newlabel{sym:bilin_C}{{6.5}{86}}
\newlabel{sym:bilin_A}{{6.5}{86}}
\newlabel{sym:bilin_B}{{6.5}{86}}
\newlabel{eqn:spiceprof}{{6.7}{86}}
\newlabel{sym:chisq}{{6.5}{86}}
\newlabel{eqn:chi2}{{6.8}{86}}
\newlabel{sym:T_k}{{6.5}{86}}
\newlabel{sym:rho_k}{{6.5}{86}}
\newlabel{sym:Delta_n_k}{{6.5}{86}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.5}{\ignorespaces Residuals of bilinear method}}{87}}
\newlabel{fig:PDF}{{6.5}{87}}
\newlabel{sym:r_BC}{{6.5}{88}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.6}Spice Anomalies of the \emph  {Rainbow}\xspace  Hydrothermal Plume}{88}}
\newlabel{sec:NESPI-R}{{6.6}{88}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.6.1}1997 Survey \emph  {(FLAME)}\xspace  }{88}}
\newlabel{sec:N-1997}{{6.6.1}{88}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.6}{\ignorespaces 1997 scaled nephelometry and spice profiles}}{89}}
\newlabel{fig:F-overlays}{{6.6}{89}}
\citation{GRL/baker+95}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.7}{\ignorespaces 1997 spice vs.\ nephel regression coefficients}}{90}}
\newlabel{fig:bilinvar}{{6.7}{90}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.8}{\ignorespaces 1998 scaled nephelometry and spice profiles}}{91}}
\newlabel{fig:F2-overlays}{{6.8}{91}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.6.2}1998 Survey \emph  {(FLAME-2)}\xspace  }{91}}
\citation{books/gill82}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.7}Spice Anomalies of Pacific Hydrothermal Plumes}{92}}
\newlabel{sec:NESPI-Pacific}{{6.7}{92}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.9}{\ignorespaces Pacific particle and temperature anomaly profiles}}{93}}
\newlabel{fig:NESPI-Pacific}{{6.9}{93}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.10}{\ignorespaces Pacific residual particle and temperature anomaly profiles}}{94}}
\newlabel{fig:residual}{{6.10}{94}}
\citation{JGR/thomson+95}
\citation{Nature/lupton+85}
\citation{Nature/lupton+85}
\newlabel{sym:Drn}{{6.7}{95}}
\newlabel{eqn:residual}{{6.9}{95}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.8}Discussion}{95}}
\newlabel{sec:NESPI-discu}{{6.8}{95}}
\citation{EPSL/baker+massoth87,JGR/chin+94}
\citation{JGR/baker94}
\citation{EPSL/lupton+99}
\citation{JGR/ginster+94}
\citation{JGR/thomson+95}
\citation{JGR/lavelle97}
\citation{misc/fouquet+98}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {7}Convective Heat Flux from the \emph  {Rainbow}\xspace  Hydrothermal Vent Field}{98}}
\@writefile{lof}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\@writefile{lot}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\newlabel{chap:HFLUX}{{7}{98}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.1}Introduction}{98}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.2}Height-Of-Rise Method}{98}}
\newlabel{sec:HF-hor}{{7.2}{98}}
\citation{JGR/speer+rona89}
\citation{RoySoc/morton+56}
\citation{review/turner86}
\citation{books/gill82}
\citation{EPSL/turner+campbell87}
\citation{misc/fouquet+98}
\citation{JGR/speer+rona89}
\citation{misc/rudnicki+elderfield92}
\citation{EPSL/turner+campbell87}
\newlabel{eqn:S+R1}{{7.1}{99}}
\newlabel{eqn:S+R4}{{7.4}{99}}
\newlabel{sym:X}{{7.2}{99}}
\newlabel{sym:T_b}{{7.2}{99}}
\newlabel{sym:S_b}{{7.2}{99}}
\newlabel{sym:rho_b}{{7.2}{99}}
\newlabel{sym:Lambda}{{7.2}{99}}
\citation{RoySoc/morton+56}
\citation{RoySoc/priestley56}
\citation{review/turner86}
\citation{review/speer+helfrich95}
\citation{JFM/helfrich94}
\citation{JMR/speer+marshall95}
\newlabel{sym:B_i}{{7.2}{100}}
\newlabel{sym:zstar}{{7.2}{100}}
\newlabel{eqn:turner}{{7.5}{100}}
\citation{EPSL/baker+massoth87}
\citation{misc/fouquet+98}
\citation{EPSL/turner+campbell87}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.3}Advective Flux in the 1997 Particle Plume}{101}}
\newlabel{sec:HF-advective}{{7.3}{101}}
\newlabel{sym:De}{{7.3}{101}}
\newlabel{eqn:tanomflux}{{7.6}{101}}
\newlabel{sym:E}{{7.3}{101}}
\newlabel{sym:U_n}{{7.3}{101}}
\newlabel{eqn:hflux}{{7.7}{101}}
\newlabel{sym:rho_i}{{7.3}{102}}
\newlabel{sym:U_0}{{7.3}{102}}
\newlabel{sym:z0}{{7.3}{102}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.4}Discussion}{102}}
\newlabel{sec:HF-discu}{{7.4}{102}}
\citation{misc/fouquet+98}
\citation{JGR/speer+rona89,review/lupton95}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {8}Mass and Heat Budgets of the \emph  {AMAR}\xspace  Segments}{104}}
\@writefile{lof}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\@writefile{lot}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\newlabel{chap:mixing}{{8}{104}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.1}Introduction}{104}}
\citation{JGR/wilson+95}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {8.1}{\ignorespaces \emph  {AMAR}\xspace  sill locations}}{105}}
\newlabel{fig:mix-sills}{{8.1}{105}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.2}Heat Budget Beneath a Grounding Isopycnal}{105}}
\newlabel{sec:mix-saunders}{{8.2}{105}}
\citation{JPO/saunders87}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {8.2}{\ignorespaces \emph  {AMAR}\xspace  density section}}{106}}
\newlabel{fig:sigsec}{{8.2}{106}}
\newlabel{eqn:mix-saunders}{{8.1}{106}}
\newlabel{sym:mdt}{{8.2}{106}}
\newlabel{sym:BHc}{{8.2}{106}}
\newlabel{sym:BHp}{{8.2}{106}}
\newlabel{sym:BAisopycnal}{{8.2}{106}}
\citation{JGR/stein+stein94}
\citation{JGR/whitehead+worthington82}
\citation{JMR/hogg+82}
\citation{JPO/saunders87}
\citation{JGR/read+pollard99}
\citation{Nature/polzin+96}
\citation{JGR/wilson+95}
\citation{misc/whitehead+74}
\citation{JGR/wilson+95}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.3}Rift-Valley Mass and Heat Budgets}{108}}
\newlabel{sec:mix-2000}{{8.3}{108}}
\citation{misc/whitehead+74}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {8.3}{\ignorespaces \emph  {AMAR}\xspace  /\emph  {FAMOUS}\xspace  sill observations}}{109}}
\newlabel{fig:mix-outflow}{{8.3}{109}}
\citation{JGR/read+pollard99}
\@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {8.1}{\ignorespaces \emph  {AMAR}\xspace  volume and heat budgets}}{110}}
\newlabel{tab:mix-budgets}{{8.1}{110}}
\citation{Science/talley+johnson94}
\citation{JGR/wilson+95}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.4}Discussion}{111}}
\newlabel{sec:mix-discu}{{8.4}{111}}
\citation{Progress/fukumori+91}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {9}A Simple Basin/Sill Model}{113}}
\@writefile{lof}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\@writefile{lot}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\newlabel{chap:BOF}{{9}{113}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.1}Introduction}{113}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.2}Model Formulation}{113}}
\newlabel{sec:BOF-model}{{9.2}{113}}
\newlabel{sym:Bl}{{9.2}{113}}
\newlabel{sym:Bd}{{9.2}{113}}
\newlabel{sym:BQi}{{9.2}{113}}
\newlabel{sym:BQo}{{9.2}{113}}
\newlabel{sym:BQu}{{9.2}{113}}
\newlabel{sym:Bh}{{9.2}{113}}
\citation{books/gill82}
\citation{misc/whitehead+74}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {9.1}{\ignorespaces Basin/sill model sketch}}{114}}
\newlabel{fig:BOF-model}{{9.1}{114}}
\newlabel{eqn:BOF-volcons}{{9.1}{114}}
\newlabel{sym:Bgamma}{{9.2}{114}}
\newlabel{eqn:BOF-w+74-2D}{{9.2}{114}}
\newlabel{sym:Bw}{{9.2}{115}}
\newlabel{eqn:BOF-model}{{9.3}{115}}
\newlabel{sym:Qi}{{9.2}{115}}
\newlabel{sym:Qo}{{9.2}{115}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.3}Steady Forcing}{115}}
\newlabel{sec:BOF-analytic}{{9.3}{115}}
\newlabel{sym:Bheq}{{9.4}{115}}
\newlabel{eqn:BOF-heq}{{9.4}{115}}
\newlabel{sym:Bhzero}{{9.3}{115}}
\newlabel{eqn:BOF-up}{{9.5}{115}}
\newlabel{sym:Btau}{{9.6}{115}}
\newlabel{eqn:BOF-tau}{{9.6}{115}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {9.2}{\ignorespaces Analytical model solutions (steady forcing)}}{116}}
\newlabel{fig:BOF-analytic}{{9.2}{116}}
\newlabel{sym:Bs}{{9.7}{116}}
\newlabel{eqn:BOF-s}{{9.7}{116}}
\newlabel{eqn:BOF-down}{{9.8}{116}}
\newlabel{sym:Bsp}{{9.9}{116}}
\newlabel{eqn:BOF-sp}{{9.9}{116}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {9.3}{\ignorespaces Model responses to sawtooth forcing}}{117}}
\newlabel{fig:BOF-sawtooth}{{9.3}{117}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.4}Non-Steady Forcing}{117}}
\newlabel{sec:BOF-numeric}{{9.4}{117}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {9.4}{\ignorespaces Model responses to event-like forcing}}{118}}
\newlabel{fig:BOF-events}{{9.4}{118}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.5}Discussion}{118}}
\newlabel{sec:BOF-discu}{{9.5}{118}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {10}Findings, Implications and Speculation}{120}}
\@writefile{lof}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\@writefile{lot}{\addvspace {10\p@ }}
\newlabel{chap:concs}{{10}{120}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.1}Main Observations and Conclusions}{120}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.1.1}Observations}{120}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{Rift-Valley Flow and Hydrography}{120}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{Basin/Sill Systems}{121}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\emph  {Rainbow}\xspace  Hydrothermal Plume}{121}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.1.2}Conclusions}{121}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{Rift-Valley Hydrography and Flow}{121}}
\citation{review/mcduff95}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{Hydrothermal Hydrographic Anomalies}{122}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\emph  {Rainbow}\xspace  Hydrothermal Plume}{122}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.2}Implications and Speculation}{122}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.2.1}Geothermal Fluxes}{122}}
\citation{Progress/saunders+francis85}
\citation{Nature/ledwell+00}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.2.2}Rift-Valley Hydrography and Flow}{123}}
\citation{Progress/saunders+francis85}
\citation{JMR/stommel+farmer53}
\citation{Science/talley+johnson94}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.2.3}Dispersal of Hydrothermal Tracers and Biota}{125}}
\bibstyle{chicago}
\bibdata{review,geo,oc,fd,misc,ant,books}
\bibcite{misc/abraham+eysink69}{\citeauthoryear {Abraham and Eysink}{Abraham and Eysink}{1969}}
\bibcite{JFM/armi86}{\citeauthoryear {Armi}{Armi}{1986}}
\bibcite{review/baines87}{\citeauthoryear {Baines}{Baines}{1987}}
\bibcite{JGR/baker+lavelle84}{\citeauthoryear {Baker and Lavelle}{Baker and Lavelle}{1984}}
\bibcite{Nature/baker+85}{\citeauthoryear {Baker, Lavelle, and Massoth}{Baker et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1985}}
\bibcite{EPSL/baker+massoth87}{\citeauthoryear {Baker and Massoth}{Baker and Massoth}{1987}}
\bibcite{JGR/baker+89}{\citeauthoryear {Baker, Lavelle, Feely, Massoth, and Walker}{Baker et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1989}}
\bibcite{Nature/baker+lupton90}{\citeauthoryear {Baker and Lupton}{Baker and Lupton}{1990}}
\bibcite{JGR/baker+90}{\citeauthoryear {Baker, McDuff, and Massoth}{Baker et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1990}}
\bibcite{JGR/baker+hammond92}{\citeauthoryear {Baker and Hammond}{Baker and Hammond}{1992}}
\bibcite{JGR/baker94}{\citeauthoryear {Baker}{Baker}{1994}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {chapter}{Bibliography}{126}}
\bibcite{GRL/baker+95}{\citeauthoryear {Baker, Massoth, Feely, Embley, Thomson, and Burd}{Baker et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1995}}
\bibcite{GRL/baker+99}{\citeauthoryear {Baker, Fox, and Cowen}{Baker et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1999}}
\bibcite{JGR/bemis+93}{\citeauthoryear {Bemis, von Herzen, and Mottl}{Bemis et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1993}}
\bibcite{books/bendat+piersol71}{\citeauthoryear {Bendat and Piersol}{Bendat and Piersol}{1971}}
\bibcite{misc/bischoff+rosenbauer85}{\citeauthoryear {Bischoff and Rosenbauer}{Bischoff and Rosenbauer}{1985}}
\bibcite{JGR/chin+94}{\citeauthoryear {Chin, Coale, Elrod, Johnson, Massoth, and Baker}{Chin et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1994}}
\bibcite{EPSL/converse+84}{\citeauthoryear {Converse, Holland, and Edmond}{Converse et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1984}}
\bibcite{JGR/detrick+95}{\citeauthoryear {Detrick, Needham, and Renard}{Detrick et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1995}}
\bibcite{Nature/dickson+90}{\citeauthoryear {Dickson, Gmitrowicz, and Watson}{Dickson et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1990}}
\bibcite{DSR/eittreim+76}{\citeauthoryear {Eittreim, Thorndike, and Sullivan}{Eittreim et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1976}}
\bibcite{review/elderfield+schultz96}{\citeauthoryear {Elderfield and Schultz}{Elderfield and Schultz}{1996}}
\bibcite{JGR/feely+87}{\citeauthoryear {Feely, Lewison, Massoth, Robert-Baldo, Lavelle, Byrne, Von\nobreakspace  {}Damm, and Curl\nobreakspace  {}Jr.}{Feely et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1987}}
\bibcite{DSR/fernandez+pingree96}{\citeauthoryear {Fernandez and Pingree}{Fernandez and Pingree}{1996}}
\bibcite{misc/fischer71}{\citeauthoryear {Fischer}{Fischer}{1971}}
\bibcite{inbook/fischer+79}{\citeauthoryear {Fischer}{Fischer}{1979}}
\bibcite{JMR/flierl+mcwilliams77}{\citeauthoryear {Flierl and McWilliams}{Flierl and McWilliams}{1978}}
\bibcite{misc/fouquet+98}{\citeauthoryear {Fouquet, Barriga, Charlou, Elderfield, German, Ondr{\'e}as, Parson, Radford-Knoery, Relvas, Ribeiro, Schultz, Apprioual, Cambon, Costa, Donval, Douville, Landur{\'e}, Normand, Pell{\'e}, Ponsevera, Riches, Santana, and Stephan}{Fouquet et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1998}}
\bibcite{books/fowler90}{\citeauthoryear {Fowler}{Fowler}{1990}}
\bibcite{Progress/fukumori+91}{\citeauthoryear {Fukumori, Martel, and Wunsch}{Fukumori et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1991}}
\bibcite{EPSL/german+sparks91}{\citeauthoryear {German and Sparks}{German and Sparks}{1991}}
\bibcite{misc/german+95}{\citeauthoryear {German, Dixon, Elderfield, Herring, Palmer, and Richards}{German et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1995}}
\bibcite{EOS/german+96}{\citeauthoryear {German, Parson, Wilson, Klinkhammer, Fornari, and Humphris}{German et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1996a}}
\bibcite{EPSL/german+96}{\citeauthoryear {German, Parson, and the HEAT Scientific\nobreakspace  {}Team}{German et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1996b}}
\bibcite{GRL/german+96}{\citeauthoryear {German, Klinkhammer, and Rudnicki}{German et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1996c}}
\bibcite{EPSL/german+parson98}{\citeauthoryear {German and Parson}{German and Parson}{1998}}
\bibcite{EPSL/german+98}{\citeauthoryear {German, Richards, Rudnicki, Lam, Charlou, and the FLAME Scientific\nobreakspace  {}Party}{German et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1998}}
\bibcite{books/gill82}{\citeauthoryear {Gill}{Gill}{1982}}
\bibcite{JGR/ginster+94}{\citeauthoryear {Ginster, Mottl, and Von\nobreakspace  {}Herzen}{Ginster et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1994}}
\bibcite{DSR/gonella72}{\citeauthoryear {Gonella}{Gonella}{1972}}
\bibcite{Progress/gould85}{\citeauthoryear {Gould}{Gould}{1985}}
\bibcite{books/hamming89}{\citeauthoryear {Hamming}{Hamming}{1989}}
\bibcite{JPO/hautala+riser93}{\citeauthoryear {Hautala and Riser}{Hautala and Riser}{1993}}
\bibcite{JGR/helfrich+battisti91}{\citeauthoryear {Helfrich and Battisti}{Helfrich and Battisti}{1991}}
\bibcite{JFM/helfrich94}{\citeauthoryear {Helfrich}{Helfrich}{1994}}
\bibcite{review/helfrich+speer95}{\citeauthoryear {Helfrich and Speer}{Helfrich and Speer}{1995}}
\bibcite{GRL/helfrich+98}{\citeauthoryear {Helfrich, Joyce, Cannon, Harrington, and Pashinski}{Helfrich et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1998}}
\bibcite{JMR/hogg+82}{\citeauthoryear {Hogg, Biscaye, Gardner, and Schmitz}{Hogg et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1982}}
\bibcite{JGR/hoyal+99}{\citeauthoryear {Hoyal, Bursik, and Atkinson}{Hoyal et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1999}}
\bibcite{misc/IGRF95}{\citeauthoryear {I{AGA Division V Working Group 8}}{I{AGA Division V Working Group 8}}{1995}}
\bibcite{misc/james+95}{\citeauthoryear {James, Elderfield, H., German, Palmer, Chin, Greaves, Gurvich, Klinkhammer, Ludford, Mills, Thomson, and Williams}{James et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1995}}
\bibcite{EPSL/jean-baptiste+98}{\citeauthoryear {Jean-Baptiste, Bougault, Vangriesheim, Charlou, Radford-Knoery, Fouquet, Needham, and German}{Jean-Baptiste et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1998}}
\bibcite{JGR/joyce+speer87}{\citeauthoryear {Joyce and Speer}{Joyce and Speer}{1987}}
\bibcite{DSR/joyce+86}{\citeauthoryear {Joyce, Warren, and Talley}{Joyce et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1986}}
\bibcite{GRL/joyce+98}{\citeauthoryear {Joyce, Cannon, Helfrich, Harrington, and Pashinski}{Joyce et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1998}}
\bibcite{EPSL/kadko+90}{\citeauthoryear {Kadko, Rosenberg, Lupton, Collier, and Lilley}{Kadko et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1990}}
\bibcite{GAFD/killworth94}{\citeauthoryear {Killworth}{Killworth}{1994}}
\bibcite{DSR/killworth95}{\citeauthoryear {Killworth}{Killworth}{1995}}
\bibcite{DSR/kim+mullineaux98}{\citeauthoryear {Kim and Mullineaux}{Kim and Mullineaux}{1998}}
\bibcite{inbook/kinder+bryden90}{\citeauthoryear {Kinder and Bryden}{Kinder and Bryden}{1990}}
\bibcite{EPSL/lane-serff95}{\citeauthoryear {Lane-Serff}{Lane-Serff}{1995}}
\bibcite{JGR/lavelle97}{\citeauthoryear {Lavelle}{Lavelle}{1997}}
\bibcite{DSR/lavelle+98}{\citeauthoryear {Lavelle, Baker, and Massoth}{Lavelle et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1998}}
\bibcite{books/leblond+mysak78}{\citeauthoryear {LeBlond and Mysak}{LeBlond and Mysak}{1978}}
\bibcite{Nature/ledwell+00}{\citeauthoryear {Ledwell, Montgomery, Polzin, StLaurent, Schmitt, and Toole}{Ledwell et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{2000}}
\bibcite{review/list82}{\citeauthoryear {List}{List}{1982}}
\bibcite{JGR/lowell+95}{\citeauthoryear {Lowell, Rona, and Von\nobreakspace  {}Herzen}{Lowell et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1995}}
\bibcite{misc/lukashin+95}{\citeauthoryear {Lukashin, Lisitzin, Ivanov, Kravtsov, and Rusakov}{Lukashin et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1995}}
\bibcite{EPSL/lupton+80}{\citeauthoryear {Lupton, Klinkhammer, Normark, Haymon, MacDonald, Weiss, and Craig}{Lupton et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1980}}
\bibcite{Nature/lupton+85}{\citeauthoryear {Lupton, Delaney, Johnson, and Tivey}{Lupton et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1985}}
\bibcite{review/lupton95}{\citeauthoryear {Lupton}{Lupton}{1995}}
\bibcite{Science/lupton+98}{\citeauthoryear {Lupton, Baker, Garfield, Massoth, Feely, Cowen, Greene, and Rago}{Lupton et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1998}}
\bibcite{EPSL/lupton+99}{\citeauthoryear {Lupton, Baker, and Massoth}{Lupton et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1999}}
\bibcite{Science/macdonald+91}{\citeauthoryear {Macdonald, Scheirer, and Carbotte}{Macdonald et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1991}}
\bibcite{EPSL/mcdougall90}{\citeauthoryear {McDougall}{McDougall}{1990}}
\bibcite{EOS/mcduff88}{\citeauthoryear {McDuff}{McDuff}{1988}}
\bibcite{review/mcduff95}{\citeauthoryear {McDuff}{McDuff}{1995}}
\bibcite{misc/mercier+bryden94}{\citeauthoryear {Mercier and Bryden}{Mercier and Bryden}{1994}}
\bibcite{misc/middleton+thomson86}{\citeauthoryear {Middleton and Thomson}{Middleton and Thomson}{1986}}
\bibcite{GRL/mihaly+98}{\citeauthoryear {Mihaly, Thomson, and Rabinovich}{Mihaly et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1998}}
\bibcite{DSR/mooers73}{\citeauthoryear {Mooers}{Mooers}{1973}}
\bibcite{RoySoc/morton+56}{\citeauthoryear {Morton, Taylor, and Turner}{Morton et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1956}}
\bibcite{JGR/mueller+78}{\citeauthoryear {M{\"u}ller, Olbers, and Willebrand}{M{\"u}ller et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1978}}
\bibcite{DSR/munk66}{\citeauthoryear {Munk}{Munk}{1966}}
\bibcite{inbook/munk81}{\citeauthoryear {Munk}{Munk}{1981}}
\bibcite{DSR/munk+wunsch98}{\citeauthoryear {Munk and Wunsch}{Munk and Wunsch}{1998}}
\bibcite{EPSL/murton+99}{\citeauthoryear {Murton, Redbourn, German, and Baker}{Murton et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1999}}
\bibcite{EPSL/nelsen+87}{\citeauthoryear {Nelsen, Klinkhammer, Trefry, and Trocine}{Nelsen et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1987}}
\bibcite{JFM/papantoniou+list89}{\citeauthoryear {Papantoniou and List}{Papantoniou and List}{1989}}
\bibcite{JAS/pierrehumbert+wyman85}{\citeauthoryear {Pierrehumbert and Wyman}{Pierrehumbert and Wyman}{1985}}
\bibcite{JPO/polzin+95}{\citeauthoryear {Polzin, Toole, and Schmitt}{Polzin et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1995}}
\bibcite{Nature/polzin+96}{\citeauthoryear {Polzin, Speer, Toole, and Schmitt}{Polzin et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1996}}
\bibcite{Science/polzin+97}{\citeauthoryear {Polzin, Toole, Ledwell, and Schmitt}{Polzin et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1997}}
\bibcite{JPO/pratt86}{\citeauthoryear {Pratt}{Pratt}{1986}}
\bibcite{books/press+93}{\citeauthoryear {Press, Teukolsky, Vetterling, and Flannery}{Press et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1993}}
\bibcite{RoySoc/priestley56}{\citeauthoryear {Priestley}{Priestley}{1956}}
\bibcite{misc/queney48}{\citeauthoryear {Queney}{Queney}{1948}}
\bibcite{conf/radford-knoery+98}{\citeauthoryear {Radford-Knoery, Thurnherr, German, Richards, Charlou, Donval, Fouquet, and {Flame and Flame-II Scientific Parties}}{Radford-Knoery et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1998}}
\bibcite{JGR/read+pollard99}{\citeauthoryear {Read and Pollard}{Read and Pollard}{1999}}
\bibcite{GRL/rehder+99}{\citeauthoryear {Rehder, Keir, Suess, and Rhein}{Rehder et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1999}}
\bibcite{GRL/reid82}{\citeauthoryear {Reid}{Reid}{1982}}
\bibcite{DSR/roemmich+wunsch85}{\citeauthoryear {Roemmich and Wunsch}{Roemmich and Wunsch}{1985}}
\bibcite{JGR/roether+98}{\citeauthoryear {Roether, Well, Putzka, and Ruth}{Roether et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1998}}
\bibcite{EPSL/rona+trivett92}{\citeauthoryear {Rona and Trivett}{Rona and Trivett}{1992}}
\bibcite{EOS/rona+74}{\citeauthoryear {Rona, McGregor, Betzer, and Krause}{Rona et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1974}}
\bibcite{JGR/rona+speer89}{\citeauthoryear {Rona and Speer}{Rona and Speer}{1989}}
\bibcite{misc/rudnicki+elderfield92}{\citeauthoryear {Rudnicki and Elderfield}{Rudnicki and Elderfield}{1992}}
\bibcite{EPSL/rudnicki+94}{\citeauthoryear {Rudnicki, James, and Elderfield}{Rudnicki et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1994}}
\bibcite{EOS/rudnicki+95}{\citeauthoryear {Rudnicki, German, Kirk, Sinha, Elderfield, and Riches}{Rudnicki et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1995}}
\bibcite{inbook/rudnicki95}{\citeauthoryear {Rudnicki}{Rudnicki}{1995}}
\bibcite{DSR/ruth+00}{\citeauthoryear {R{\"u}th, Well, and Roether}{R{\"u}th et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{2000}}
\bibcite{Progress/saunders+francis85}{\citeauthoryear {Saunders and Francis}{Saunders and Francis}{1985}}
\bibcite{JPO/saunders87}{\citeauthoryear {Saunders}{Saunders}{1987}}
\bibcite{JGR/schultz+92}{\citeauthoryear {Schultz, Delaney, and McDuff}{Schultz et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1992}}
\bibcite{RoySoc/schultz+elderfield97}{\citeauthoryear {Schultz and Elderfield}{Schultz and Elderfield}{1997}}
\bibcite{JGR/smith+sandwell97}{\citeauthoryear {Smith and Sandwell}{Smith and Sandwell}{1997}}
\bibcite{JGR/speer+rona89}{\citeauthoryear {Speer and Rona}{Speer and Rona}{1989}}
\bibcite{JMR/speer+marshall95}{\citeauthoryear {Speer and Marshall}{Speer and Marshall}{1995}}
\bibcite{review/speer+helfrich95}{\citeauthoryear {Speer and Helfrich}{Speer and Helfrich}{1995}}
\bibcite{JGR/stein+stein94}{\citeauthoryear {Stein and Stein}{Stein and Stein}{1994}}
\bibcite{JMR/stommel+farmer53}{\citeauthoryear {Stommel and Farmer}{Stommel and Farmer}{1953}}
\bibcite{misc/stommel62}{\citeauthoryear {Stommel}{Stommel}{1962}}
\bibcite{EPSL/stommel82}{\citeauthoryear {Stommel}{Stommel}{1982}}
\bibcite{DSR/sy88}{\citeauthoryear {Sy}{Sy}{1988}}
\bibcite{Science/talley+johnson94}{\citeauthoryear {Talley and Johnson}{Talley and Johnson}{1994}}
\bibcite{DSR/thompson+johnson96}{\citeauthoryear {Thompson and Johnson}{Thompson and Johnson}{1996}}
\bibcite{JGR/thomson+89}{\citeauthoryear {Thomson, Gordon, and Dymond}{Thomson et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1989}}
\bibcite{EPSL/thomson+92}{\citeauthoryear {Thomson, Delaney, McDuff, Janecky, and McClain}{Thomson et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1992}}
\bibcite{JGR/thomson+95}{\citeauthoryear {Thomson, Davis, and Burd}{Thomson et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1995}}
\bibcite{jour/RainbowHYD}{\citeauthoryear {Thurnherr and Richards}{Thurnherr and Richards}{2000}}
\bibcite{JGR/trivett+williams94}{\citeauthoryear {Trivett and Williams}{Trivett and Williams}{1994}}
\bibcite{review/tunnicliffe91}{\citeauthoryear {Tunnicliffe}{Tunnicliffe}{1991}}
\bibcite{books/turner73}{\citeauthoryear {Turner}{Turner}{1973}}
\bibcite{review/turner86}{\citeauthoryear {Turner}{Turner}{1986}}
\bibcite{EPSL/turner+campbell87}{\citeauthoryear {Turner and Campbell}{Turner and Campbell}{1987}}
\bibcite{inbook/vondamm95}{\citeauthoryear {Von\nobreakspace  {}Damm}{Von\nobreakspace  {}Damm}{1995}}
\bibcite{Nature/weiss+77}{\citeauthoryear {Weiss, Lonsdale, Lupton, Bainbridge, and Craig}{Weiss et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1977}}
\bibcite{JGR/wesson+gregg94}{\citeauthoryear {Wesson and Gregg}{Wesson and Gregg}{1994}}
\bibcite{misc/whitehead+74}{\citeauthoryear {Whitehead, Leetmaa, and Knox}{Whitehead et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1974}}
\bibcite{JGR/whitehead+worthington82}{\citeauthoryear {Whitehead and Worthington}{Whitehead and Worthington}{1982}}
\bibcite{GAFD/whitehead89}{\citeauthoryear {Whitehead}{Whitehead}{1989}}
\bibcite{misc/whitehead97}{\citeauthoryear {Whitehead}{Whitehead}{1997}}
\bibcite{JGR/wilson+95}{\citeauthoryear {Wilson, Speer, Charlou, Bougault, and Klinkhammer}{Wilson et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1995}}
\bibcite{EPSL/wilson+96}{\citeauthoryear {Wilson, Charlou, Ludford, Klinkhammer, Chin, Bougault, German, Speer, and Palmer}{Wilson et\nobreakspace  {}al.$\mskip \medmuskip \mskip -\thinmuskip $}{1996}}