\addvspace {10\p@ }
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.1}{\ignorespaces \emph {AMAR}\xspace segment location}}{9}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.2}{\ignorespaces \emph {AMAR}\xspace bathymetry (high resolution)}}{10}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.3}{\ignorespaces \emph {AMAR}\xspace bathymetry (low resolution)}}{11}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.4}{\ignorespaces \emph {Rainbow}\xspace hydrothermal vent-field location}}{12}
\addvspace {10\p@ }
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.1}{\ignorespaces 1997 stations \emph {(FLAME)}\xspace }}{14}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.2}{\ignorespaces 1998 stations \emph {(FLAME-2)}\xspace }}{16}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.3}{\ignorespaces Current-meter moorings}}{17}
\addvspace {10\p@ }
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.1}{\ignorespaces 1997 near-surface flow observations}}{23}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.2}{\ignorespaces 1997 valley/flank density comparison}}{24}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.3}{\ignorespaces 1997 full-depth $\theta _2/S$\xspace }}{25}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.4}{\ignorespaces 1997 rift-valley $\theta _2/S$\xspace }}{26}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.5}{\ignorespaces 1997 density and flow at \m {2200}}}{27}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.6}{\ignorespaces 1997 \emph {Rainbow Sill}\xspace density profiles}}{28}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.7}{\ignorespaces 1997 \emph {Rainbow Sill}\xspace buoyancy frequency profiles}}{28}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.8}{\ignorespaces 1997 current-meter velocities (first week)}}{29}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.9}{\ignorespaces 1997 \emph {Rainbow Sill}\xspace flow and density profiles}}{30}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.10}{\ignorespaces 1997 \emph {Rainbow Ridge}\xspace boundary current}}{30}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.11}{\ignorespaces 1997 cross-sill density section}}{31}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.12}{\ignorespaces 1997 cross-ridge density section}}{35}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.13}{\ignorespaces 1997 CTD-yoyo density observations}}{36}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.14}{\ignorespaces 1997/98 rift-valley $\theta _2/S$\xspace comparison}}{38}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.15}{\ignorespaces 1997/98 rift-valley temperature comparison}}{39}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.16}{\ignorespaces 1997/98 deep-basin $\theta _2/S$\xspace comparison}}{39}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.17}{\ignorespaces 1998 current-meter velocities (last week)}}{40}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.18}{\ignorespaces 1998 along-segment temperature gradient}}{41}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.19}{\ignorespaces 1998 inflow-sill density section}}{42}
\addvspace {10\p@ }
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.1}{\ignorespaces Current-meter temperatures at \m {1800}}}{47}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.2}{\ignorespaces \emph {Rainbow Sill}\xspace velocity and temperature observations}}{49}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.3}{\ignorespaces Rotary flow spectra}}{52}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.4}{\ignorespaces Temperature-amplitude spectrum}}{53}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.5}{\ignorespaces Flow-energy partition}}{56}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.6}{\ignorespaces Temperature observations during onset of return flow}}{58}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.7}{\ignorespaces \emph {Rainbow Sill}\xspace along-mean-flow autocorrelations}}{60}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.8}{\ignorespaces \emph {Rainbow Sill}\xspace transport calculation (plan view)}}{61}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.9}{\ignorespaces \emph {Rainbow Sill}\xspace transport calculation (cross-valley section)}}{62}
\addvspace {10\p@ }
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.1}{\ignorespaces 1997 particle plume (plan view)}}{68}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.2}{\ignorespaces 1997 flow near vent field (first week)}}{68}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.3}{\ignorespaces 1997 nephelometry profiles}}{69}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.4}{\ignorespaces 1997 density-averaged particle plume}}{70}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.5}{\ignorespaces 1997 density-averaged particle plume skew}}{71}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.6}{\ignorespaces 1998 particle plume (plan view)}}{72}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.7}{\ignorespaces 1998 nephelometry profiles}}{72}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.8}{\ignorespaces 1998 flow near vent field (last week)}}{73}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.9}{\ignorespaces 1997 flow regime around \emph {Rainbow Ridge}\xspace }}{74}
\addvspace {10\p@ }
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.1}{\ignorespaces Hydrothermal hydrographic-anomaly regimes}}{80}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.2}{\ignorespaces Methods for estimating isopycnal hydrographic anomalies}}{84}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.3}{\ignorespaces Plume-bracketing method}}{85}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.4}{\ignorespaces Spice vs.\ nephel regressions}}{85}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.5}{\ignorespaces Residuals of bilinear method}}{87}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.6}{\ignorespaces 1997 scaled nephelometry and spice profiles}}{89}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.7}{\ignorespaces 1997 spice vs.\ nephel regression coefficients}}{90}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.8}{\ignorespaces 1998 scaled nephelometry and spice profiles}}{91}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.9}{\ignorespaces Pacific particle and temperature anomaly profiles}}{93}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.10}{\ignorespaces Pacific residual particle and temperature anomaly profiles}}{94}
\addvspace {10\p@ }
\addvspace {10\p@ }
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {8.1}{\ignorespaces \emph {AMAR}\xspace sill locations}}{105}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {8.2}{\ignorespaces \emph {AMAR}\xspace density section}}{106}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {8.3}{\ignorespaces \emph {AMAR}\xspace /\emph {FAMOUS}\xspace sill observations}}{109}
\addvspace {10\p@ }
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {9.1}{\ignorespaces Basin/sill model sketch}}{114}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {9.2}{\ignorespaces Analytical model solutions (steady forcing)}}{116}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {9.3}{\ignorespaces Model responses to sawtooth forcing}}{117}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {9.4}{\ignorespaces Model responses to event-like forcing}}{118}
\addvspace {10\p@ }