% Scott's thesis
%
%    for thesis class version 5.4 and minor text changes
%
% ==========   Preliminary pages

% ----- title page
%\Title{Submarine volcanic heat flux and hydrography: \\
%observations and models of the Main Endeavour vent field in the Northeast Pacific}
\Title{Heat flux and hydrography at a submarine volcano: 
Observations and models of the Main Endeavour vent field in the northeast Pacific}
\Author{Scott R. Veirs}
\Year{2003}
\Program{School of Oceanography}
\titlepage

% ----- signature page 
\Chair{Russell McDuff}{Professor}{Oceanography}
%\Signature{William Wilcock}
\Signature{Russell McDuff}
\Signature{William Lavelle}
\Signature{Jeffrey Parsons}
%\Signature{Susan Hautala}
%\Signature{Glenn Cannon}
%\Signature{Steven Porter}
\signaturepage


% ----- quoteslip
% These are the real quote slips (choose one)
%  \thesisquoteslip
%  \doctoralquoteslip
  \doctoralabstractquoteslip


% ----- abstract
\setcounter{page}{-1} 

\abstract{ 
%341 words in .tex 

This dissertation discusses hydrothermal plume hydrography and heat
flux measurement at the Main Endeavour hydrothermal vent field (MEF) on the
Endeavour segment (Juan de Fuca ridge, northeast Pacific).  Observations are
from an underwater vehicle called Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE), a lowered
CTD, and 2 current meter moorings.

Chapter~\ref{ch:power} contains motivating questions, terminology, plume
theory, and a review of past heat flux measurements at the MEF.  A new
correction factor is derived relating source heat flux to plume heat flux
calculated with isohaline temperature anomalies.

Chapter~\ref{ch:flowmow} presents setting, methodology, and an analysis of
hydrography and currents near the MEF.  Hydrography varies on scales as short
as 10--50\,m and 10--60\,min, and fluid is warmer on average than at the
segment ends.  Oscillatory currents change from multidirectional above the
ridge to rectilinear within the axial valley \cite{thomson+03}.  Northward mean
flow of 2-5\,cm/s within the valley is aligned with the rectilinear
oscillations ($\sim$5\,cm/s amplitude), while southwestward mean flow of
5-10\,cm/s above the ridge is only intermittently aligned with the
multidirectional oscillations ($\sim$5\,cm/s amplitude).  

Heat flux is estimated within the axial valley (Chapter~\ref{ch:lower}) and
above the ridge (Chapter~\ref{ch:upper}).  In both cases, an
advection/diffusion model simulates plume distributions and characterizes heat
flux statistics.  The mean \emph{horizontal} heat flux within the axial valley
through vertical control surfaces 0--100\,m above bottom (mab) is $\sim$76\,MW,
based on warming north relative to south of the MEF and the northward mean
flow.  The modeled standard deviation of this horizontal flux is $\sim$114\,MW.
The \emph{vertical} heat flux in plumes rising through a horizontal surface
$\sim$100\,mab \cite{stahr+03} is 643$\pm$116\,MW.  This vertical flux,
previous source flux measurements, and the horizontal flux together imply that
heat flux partitioning between focused and diffuse sources is $\sim$6:1,
contradicting the prevalent view that diffuse sources account for 90\% of the
heat flux at vent fields.  The net horizontal heat flux \emph{above the ridge}
through vertical control surfaces extending from $\sim$100--400\,mab is
442$\pm$213\,MW, consistent with the vertical flux.  Past estimates of flux in
plumes are higher because they are not net fluxes and likely include
contributions from multiple vent fields.  

}
 
% ----- contents & etc.
%
\tableofcontents
\listoffigures
\listoftables 
 
%
% ----- glossary 
%
\chapter*{Glossary}      % starred form omits the `chapter x'
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Glossary} \thispagestyle{plain}

\begin{glossary} 
\item[ABE] Autonomous benthic explorer: an autonomous underwater vehicle
\item[ADCP] Acoustic doppler current profiler
\item[CTD] An instrument package that measures conductivity, temperature, and depth
\item[CT pair] A pair of instruments measuring conductivity and temperature 
\item[GBL] Geothermal boundary layer \cite{thomson+95}
\item[GPS] Global positioning system
\item[MAVS] Modular acoustic velocity sensor
\item[mab] Meters above bottom
\item[mas] Meters above source
\item[MEF] Main Endeavour (vent) field
\item[MJD] Modified Julian day: the number of days since midnight, November 17, 1858.  This chronology offers the advantage of continuous time to Endeavour researchers comparing inter-annual data sets, yet avoids the (even greater) number of digits required to express Julian days.  (See Appendix~\ref{ap:dates} for a table of MJD, year days, and calendar dates.)
\item[PVD] Progressive vector diagram
\item[VOC] Vertically oscillating cast
%, otherwise known as a ``yo-yo'' 
\item[VOT] Vertically oscillating tow
\item[NoMEF] A group of CTD stations north of the MEF, within $\sim$500\,m along axis
\item[SoMEF] A group of CTD stations south of the MEF, within $\sim$500\,m along axis
\item[UTM] Universal transverse Mercator: a Mercator mapping using the equatorial cylindrical projection; UTM coordinates in this thesis are based on zone~9 and the WGS84 ellipse, and can be converted to latitude and longitude using the UNIX/LINUX utility \emph{proj}.
%\item[]
%\item[heat] energy that flows between a system and its
%environment because of a temperature difference that exists between them.
%\item[heat flux] \item[temperature] 
\end{glossary}
 
%
% ----- Acknowledgments
%
\acknowledgments{
% \vskip2pc
% {\narrower\noindent

Initial acknowledgments go to those who offered me initial guidance: John
Delaney and Marv Lilley.  John helped me decide that graduate study of the
oceans, and of hydrothermal systems in particular, was a logical training
ground for an Earth systems scientist.  I thank John for his vision, which
always seems to be true in the end.  Marv has been a constant presence for me,
as helpful as he is quiet.  I thank him, along with Geoff Lebon and the late
Mary Landsteiner, for teaching me how to use the CTD safely, and for giving me
unlimited access to his gas chromatography lab (where Ben Larson provided
patient and efficient training).  

My thesis advisor, Russ McDuff, deserves highest praise for his dedication and
friendship.  Russ has been a pragmatic advisor who encourages independence,
motivates through both curiosity and formal assessment of progress toward
goals, and catalyzes progress through consistent intellectual exchange.  He has
been a model for me of an innovative teacher, a strategic and rigorous research
scientist, and a gentleman devoted to balancing his love of family, the
outdoors, and the oceans.  I thank him most for his accessibility (order $10^3$
emails, $10^2$ weekly meetings, and $10^1$ squash games --- not to mention
trans-Pacific collaboration on my first paper) and for his support of my
teaching interests through our involvement in REVEL cruises, my leave of
absence to teach, and improvements of the TA training program.  Keep on
truckin' on, Russ!

I thank Bill Lavelle deeply for going beyond the call of duty as an advisor.
Bill has offered his patient attention and scientific acumen during long and
invariably helpful discussions about hydrothermal plumes.  He graciously
provided numerical simulations of MEF plumes that facilitated my interpretation
of the Flow Mow hydrography.  He introduced me to puff models and equations
that became core parts of my thesis.  He has also been a meticulous  editor,
both on my reading committee and as a volunteer reader of manuscript drafts,
ultimately inspiring me to reconsider carefully the process of scientific
writing.  

The members of my supervisory committee also deserve accolades.  They have been
generous with their time and have graciously accommodated the logistics involved
in coordinating a large committee.  I thank Glenn Cannon for his flexibility,
attention, and many ideas about the currents and hydrography of the Juan de
Fuca ridge.  Jeff Parsons has my gratitude for being a dedicated reader, for
his infectious curiosity about particles in plumes, and for his help in
considering lab experiments.  I thank Susan Hautala (and her student Irene
Garcia-Berdeal) for sharing insights and data, and for helping a geologist
think more deeply about physical oceanography.  Will Wilcock has my appreciation
for his incisive geophysical questions, as well as for inoculating me with
Matlab skills, a process that was painful during his homework assignments, but
which proved invaluable my research.  Finally, I would like to thank Stephen
Porter for being a stalwart Graduate School Representative always ready with a
refreshing geological query.

The Flow Mow experiment was accomplished at sea by an exceptional team of
researchers, educators, and sailors.  Special thanks to Christian Sarason
Parker and Fritz Stahr for their camaraderie as students, scientists, and
educators; I appreciate your advice, ideas, and white board prowess, and I look
forward to further collaborations.  Along with the
\href{http://www.ocean.washington.edu/outreach/revel00/}{REVEL 2000}
participants, Fritz and Christian helped acquire 179~hr of CTD data in just
over 2~weeks.  This exceptional resolution of the MEF hydrography was also made
possible by the (ABE) engineering genius of Dana Yoerger, Al Bradley, and their
WHOI collaborators, as well as the captain, marine technicians, and crew of the
R/V~Thompson who patiently cycled the ship and CTD around the MEF control
volume.  Rick Thomson and his team at the Institute for Ocean Science, Canada
deployed, recovered, and processed all current meter moorings and generously
provided the current meter data and analysis.  Throughout my graduate
experience, Rick has been an inspiring presence across the northern waters.  I
thank him for his unending generosity, good humor, and lessons in long-distance
collaboration and data exchange.  Thank you also to Meg Tivey, who kindly made
her MAVS data available for comparison, and to Hal Mofjeld, who provided
helpful harmonic analysis of tidal records from Endeavour.  

I will miss the School of Oceanography community, and thank all the individuals
who have taught me, helped me, and enriched my experience as a student and
scientist.  I would like to acknowledge in particular the faculty and graduate
students of the Hydrothermal Vents group and Marine Geology and Geophysics
option.  I especially thank Lisa Gilbert, Devamonie Naidoo, and my other office
and class mates for being good friends and reliable sounding boards regarding
all facets of graduate school.

I must also thank the tax payers of the United States.  I am grateful for
support during my first 3 years from a NASA Global Change Fellowship which
allowed me unusual flexibility in selecting a research direction.  I also
acknowledge the support through the NSF grants to Russ McDuff and his
collaborators, in particular NSF grant OCE-9872090.  Data analysis, figure
generation, modeling, and typesetting were made possible with Matlab and the
most excellent open-source tools: Perl, GMT \cite{wessel+smith91}, and \LaTeX.

Finally, and most importantly, I thank my family and friends.  Annie, Mom, Dad,
Laura, and Mila --- you \emph{are} my optimism and persistence; thank you for
keeping me going, throughout.  And thank you, dear friends, for both the
heartfelt perspective and endless joyful distractions. 

% \par}
}
%
% end of the preliminary pages